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Preeclampsia is characterized by an increase in capillary permeability and vasospasm, which are significant physiological changes occurring due to the disorder. Increased capillary permeability leads to the leakage of proteins and fluids from the capillaries into the surrounding tissues, contributing to edema and potential complications like pulmonary edema. Vasospasm results in reduced blood flow to vital organs, which can increase blood pressure and affect the placenta, potentially leading to fetal complications.

These changes are critical in understanding the pathophysiology of preeclampsia, as they help explain why patients present with symptoms such as hypertension and edema. Additionally, they provide insights into the management and monitoring of pregnant women affected by this condition to prevent severe outcomes for both the mother and the fetus. The other choices may describe various medical conditions or symptoms, but they do not accurately represent the hallmark physiological changes associated with preeclampsia.